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Hardt: Pyrotechnics
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Pyrotechnics

Autor: Alexander P.Hardt, Ph.D.; Takeo Shimizu, Ph.D.
Verlag: Pyrotechnica Publications, Austin / USA
ISBN: 0-929388-06-2
Ausgabe: gebunden; 420 Seiten; 01.12.2001

"Pyrotechnics" von A.Hardt behandelt des gesamte Spektrum der Pyrotechnik, wobei der Fokus auf das Gebiet des Feuerwerks gerichtet ist. Da dieses Buch erst kürzlich (Ende Jahres 2001) erschien, ist es weitgehend auf dem neuesten Stand der Technik. Der Autor beschreibt sehr ausführlich die unterschiedlichen pyrotechnischen Effekte und Vorgänge, wie die Zündung, Farberzeugung, Rauch, Glittereffekt, intermittierende Verbrennung (Blinker, Heuler) oder Flares für die Täuschung von Boden-Luft-Raketen. Desgleichen widmet sich der Autor den einzelnen pyrotechnischen Gegenständen, wie Feuerwerksraketen, römische Lichter oder italienische Feuerwerksbomben.

Dieses Werk sollte in keiner Bibliothek eines Pyrotechnikers fehlen.


CONTENTS OF ALEXANDER P. HARDT'S "PYROTECHNICS"

Publisher's Preface ................................................................. v
Author's Preface .................................................................. vii
Biographical Note .................................................................. ix
Tribute to the Memory of Dr. Alexander P. Hardt .................................... xi
Alexander P. Hardt, 1930 - 1989 .................................................. xiii
About the Contributors ............................................................ xiv
Table of Contents .................................................................. xv
List of Tables ..................................................................... xx
List of Line Illustrations ....................................................... xxiv
List of Photographic Illustrations .............................................. xxvii
Chapter 1. Definitions, Scope, and Literature ....................................... 1
Chapter 2. Safety and Handling of Hazardous Materials ............................... 5
The Problem of Hazardous Chemicals ........................................... 7
Toxicity Hazards ............................................................ 10
   TLV-TWA Threshold Limit Value - Time Weighted Average .................... 10
   TLV-STEL Threshold Limit Value - Short Term Exposure Limit ............... 10
   TLV-C Threshold Limit Value - Ceiling .................................... 10
Carcinogens ................................................................. 10
Chapter 3. Disposal of Hazardous Materials ......................................... 13
Chapter 4. Statistical Test and Analysis Methods ................................... 17
Introduction ................................................................ 17
Estimates of µ and Sigma .................................................... 18
Test Methods ................................................................ 20
Probit Test ................................................................. 21
Bruceton Test ............................................................... 22
Robbins-Monro Test .......................................................... 22
Langlie Test ................................................................ 23
Neyer D-Optimal Test ........................................................ 24
Comparison of Test Methods .................................................. 24
Analysis Methods ............................................................ 27
Variation Function Analysis ................................................. 27
Simulation Analysis ......................................................... 28
Bruceton Analysis ........................................................... 28
Asymptotic Analysis ......................................................... 28
Likelihood Ratio ............................................................ 29
Comparison of Analysis Methods............................................... 29
Chapter 5. Mechanisms and Rates of Pyrotechnic Reactions ........................... 31
Solid-Solid Ignitions ....................................................... 31
   Pre-ignition Step ........................................................ 31
   Examples of Solid-Solid Reactions ........................................ 32
Solid-Liquid Reactions ...................................................... 33
Solid-Gas Reactions ......................................................... 35
Chapter 6. Color Creation .......................................................... 39
Chapter 7. Thermochemical Calculations ............................................. 44
Calculations of the Adiabatic Reaction Temperature .......................... 44
Use of Thermodynamic Tables ................................................. 47
Chapter 8. Some Words on Instrumentation ........................................... 50
Heat of Reaction ............................................................ 50
Kinetics of Reaction ........................................................ 51
   Accelerating Rate Calorimetry ............................................ 51
Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis ................................................. 52
Temperature Measurement ..................................................... 53
   Pyrometry ................................................................ 53
   Flame Temperatures ....................................................... 54
   Thermocouple Thermometry ................................................. 55
Measurement of Electrostatic Sensitivity .................................... 56
Chapter 9. Ignition ................................................................ 58
Ignition .................................................................... 58
Ignition at Constant Heat Flow .............................................. 59
   Ignition by a Point Source ............................................... 61
   Dynamic Ignition Pulse ................................................... 61
Chapter 10. Primary Ignition ....................................................... 63
Autooxidation - Self-Ignition ............................................... 63
Pyrophoricity ............................................................... 65
Hypergolicity: Self-igniting Fuel-Oxidizer Systems .......................... 71
Chapter 11. Matches ................................................................ 74
Manufacturing Procedures .................................................... 76
Non-standard and Military Matches ........................................... 77
Properties of Matches: Mechanisms of Performance ............................ 81
Safety Aspects .............................................................. 82
Toxicity .................................................................... 83
Humidity Resistance ......................................................... 83
Chapter 12. Primers and Ignition Mixtures .......................................... 85
Percussion Primers .......................................................... 85
Stab Primers ................................................................ 86
Electrical Primers .......................................................... 87
Chapter 13. Miscellaneous Ignition Devicesm ........................................ 93
Ignition of Pyrotechnics with Lasers ........................................ 93
Shock Ignition of Pyrotechnics .............................................. 94
Ignition of Pyrotechnics using Flueric Matches .............................. 96
Chapter 14. Miscellaneous Pyrotechnic Effects ...................................... 97
Blank Ammunition ............................................................ 97
   Shotgun Blanks ........................................................... 98
   Pistol Blanks ............................................................ 99
   Rifle Blanks ............................................................. 99
   Blanks for Industrial Applications ....................................... 99
Theatrical Effects ......................................................... 100
The Pyrotechnic Laser ...................................................... 102
Commercial Applications .................................................... 102
Rocketry ................................................................... 103
 Chapter 15. Fireworks ............................................................ 105
Introductory Remarks ....................................................... 105
Materials .................................................................. 107
Terrestrial Fireworks ...................................................... 114
   Colored Fires, Torches, and Lancework ................................... 114
   Waterfalls .............................................................. 124
   Sparklers ............................................................... 124
   Gerbs and Fountains ..................................................... 126
   Wheels and Related Devices .............................................. 131
   Whistles ................................................................ 135
   Smoke ................................................................... 138
   Explosive Noisemakers ................................................... 138
   Snakes .................................................................. 145
Aerial Fireworks ........................................................... 147
   Stars and Garnitures .................................................... 147
   Comets .................................................................. 189
   Mines ................................................................... 191
   Roman Candles ........................................................... 193
   Rockets and Related Devices ............................................. 198
   Shells .................................................................. 214
   Lifting Charges and Leaders ............................................. 242
Aquatic Fireworks .......................................................... 244
Display Operation .......................................................... 247
Chapter 16. Materials Used in Pyrotechnics ........................................ 257
Aluminum ................................................................... 257
Ammonium Nitrate ........................................................... 258
Ammonium Perchlorate ....................................................... 258
Antimony and Arsenic Sulfides .............................................. 259
Alkaline Earth Chromates ................................................... 259
Barium Compounds ........................................................... 260
   Barium nitrate .......................................................... 260
   Barium chlorate ......................................................... 260
   Barium perchlorate ...................................................... 260
   Barium carbonate ........................................................ 260
Black Powder and Related Materials ......................................... 260
Boron and Silicon .......................................................... 263
Carbon, Carbonaceous Fuels, and Binders .................................... 264
Magnesium .................................................................. 267
Magnalium .................................................................. 268
Phosphorus ................................................................. 269
Potassium Chlorate ......................................................... 269
Potassium Nitrate .......................................................... 270
Potassium Perchlorate ...................................................... 271
Sulfur ..................................................................... 272
Titanium, Zirconium, and Hafnium ........................................... 273
Chapter 17. Generation of Light ................................................... 277
Principles of Radiometry and Photometry .................................... 277
The Mechanism of Illumination by Flares .................................... 282
Illuminating Flares ........................................................ 283
Castable Flare Illuminants ................................................. 284
Safety in Flare Manufacture ................................................ 285
Photoflash and Flashbulbs .................................................. 286
Production of White Light .................................................. 287
   General Remarks ......................................................... 287
   Optical Considerations .................................................. 287
   Chemistry of Illuminants ................................................ 287
   Specific Hazards of Production of Large Flares .......................... 290
   White Signals ........................................................... 291
   Testing of Flares ....................................................... 291
   Flash Charges ........................................................... 292
   Illuminating Flashes .................................................... 292
   Signal Flashes .......................................................... 294
Colored Light .............................................................. 294
   Color Selection ......................................................... 295
 Chapter 18. Delay Trains ......................................................... 299
Introduction and History ................................................... 299
Delay Ranges and Uses ...................................................... 299
Factors in Formulation and Design .......................................... 301
Commercial Fuse Lines ...................................................... 305
Nonpyrotechnic Long Delays ................................................. 306
Composition of Delay Mixtures .............................................. 307
 Chapter 19. Incendiaries and Tracer Munitions .................................... 312
Incendiaries ............................................................... 312
Tracer Munitions ........................................................... 316
Chapter 20. Generation of Smoke ................................................... 318
Screening Smoke ............................................................ 318
HC Smoke ................................................................... 319
Colored Smokes ............................................................. 321
Toxic Smokes ............................................................... 328
Screening Infrared Images .................................................. 328
Toxicity of Colored Smokes ................................................. 328
Dispersion of Chemical Agents .............................................. 329
 Chapter 21. Generation of Sound .................................................. 333
Oscillating or Pulsating Reactions ......................................... 335
Chapter 22. Gas Generation and Heating Devices .................................... 339
Gas Production ............................................................. 341
Chapter 23. Glossary .............................................................. 349
Appendix I. Selected Further Resources for Pyrotechnics ........................... 380
Appendix II. Normal Distribution, Mean, and Standard Deviation .................... 398
Appendix III. Sieve Sizes ......................................................... 400
Appendix IV. KDNBF and DXN (DXW-1) ................................................ 401
Bibliography ...................................................................... 404
Index ............................................................................. 421
A Note about the Type and Printing ................................................ 430
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